A closer look at the 12 citizenship by investment programmes

A number of London’s financial services firms could well be looking for eurozone bases following Brexit, and Luxembourg is well positioned to take advantage. But the Grand Duchy is also worried about possible US protectionist moves

A forthcoming raft of privatisations and cheap labour costs are driving interest in Romania as an investment destination

The success of Luxembourg as a financial centre has been closely linked to the European Ucits Directive of 1985, allowing distribution of investment funds across borders. More recently, the AIFMD, the directive for alternative investments, has also played a crucial part in the development of the jurisdiction. But how the country responds to geopolitical and other challenges will be crucial to its future success. PWM speaks to representatives of the Luxembourg funds industry about plans for its expansion and recent fintech initiatives 

Sweeping reforms, cheap office space, a skilled workforce and a flexible regulator mean the Spanish capital is very much open for business

The threats of rising regulation, protectionism and Brexit uncertainty could all threaten the Isle of Man, but its diversified economy should prove resilient 

London’s potential estrangement from the European financial scene has seen rival European financial centres jostling for prime position in any Brexit fallout

Polish cities such as Warsaw have been digital pioneers, making the country attractive to start-ups and entrepreneurs. But there are worries the new nationalist government could increase restrictions